The Alabama Crimson Tide football program represents the University of Alabama variously Alabama, UA, or Bama in the sport of American football. Alabama Wikipedia. State of Alabama. Nicknames The Yellowhammer State, The Heart of Dixie, and The Cotton State. Mottos Latin Audemus iura nostra defendere We dare to defend our rights. Official language. English. Spoken languages. As of 2. 01. 01English 9. Spanish 3. 1Demonym. Alabamian2Capital. Montgomery. Largest city. Maroon and White Among 2018s Honda Battle of the Band The Alabama AM University Marching Maroon and White, led by Carlton Wright, will make its fifth appearance. The concept of a fifth grader being offered a Division I football scholarship is obviously preposterous. As talented as Lacaden might be for the Hawaii All Black. Birmingham. Largest metro. Birmingham metropolitan area. Area. Ranked 3. 0th  Total. Width. 19. 0 miles 3. Length. 33. 0 miles 5. Latitude. 30 1. 1 N to 3. N  Longitude. 84 5. W to 8. 8 2. 8 WPopulation. Ranked 2. 4th  Total. Density. 94. 7 2. Ranked 2. 7th  Median household income4. Elevation  Highest point. Mount Cheaha5672,4. Mean. 50. 0 ft  1. Lowest point. Gulf of Mexico6sea level. Before statehood. Alabama Territory. Admission to Union. December 1. 4, 1. Governor. Kay Ivey RLieutenant Governor. Vacant. Legislature. Alabama Legislature  Upper house. Senate R 2. 5, D 8  Lower house. House of Representatives R 7. D 3. 3U. S. Senators. Richard Shelby RLuther Strange RU. S. House delegation. Republicans, 1 Democrat listTime zones   most of state. Central UTC65  Phenix City area. Eastern UTC54. ISO 3. US ALAbbreviations. AL, Ala. Websitealabama. Alabama state symbols. Living insignia. Amphibian. Red Hills salamander. Bird. Yellowhammer, wild turkey. Butterfly. Eastern tiger swallowtail. Fish. Largemouth bass, fighting tarpon. Flower. Camellia, oak leaf hydrangea. Horse breed. Racking horse. Insect. Monarch butterfly. Mammal. American black bear. Reptile. Alabama red bellied turtle. Tree. Longleaf pine. Inanimate insignia. Beverage. Conecuh Ridge Whiskey. Colors. Red, white. Dance. Square dance. Popcap Games 200 1. Food. Pecan, blackberry, peach. Fossil. Basilosaurus. Gemstone. Star blue quartz. Mineral. Hematite. Rock. Marble. Shell. Johnstones junonia. Slogan. Share The Wonder,Alabama the beautiful,Where America finds its voice,Sweet Home Alabama,Heart of DixieSoil. Bama. SongAlabamaState route marker. State quarter. Released in 2. Lists of United States state symbols. Alabama is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 3. U. S. states. With a total of 1,5. Alabama has among the most of any state. Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the Heart of Dixie and the Cotton State. The state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. Alabamas capital is Montgomery. The largest city by population is Birmingham,9 which has long been the most industrialized city the largest city by land area is Huntsville. The oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists in 1. French Louisiana. From the American Civil War until World War II, Alabama, like many states in the southern U. S., suffered economic hardship, in part because of its continued dependence on agriculture. Similar to other former slave states, Alabama legislators employed Jim Crow laws to disenfranchise and otherwise discriminate against African Americans from the end of the Reconstruction Era up until at least the 1. Despite the growth of major industries and urban centers, white rural interests dominated the state legislature from 1. During this time, urban interests and African Americans were markedly under represented. Following World War II, Alabama grew as the states economy changed from one primarily based on agriculture to one with diversified interests. The state economy in the 2. Etymologyedit. One of the entrances to Russell Cave in Jackson County. Charcoal from indigenous camp fires in the cave has been dated as early as 6. BC. The European American naming of the Alabama River and state was derived from the Alabama people, a Muskogean speaking tribe whose members lived just below the confluence of the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers on the upper reaches of the river. Rainbow Six Lockdown Pc Full. In the Alabama language, the word for a person of Alabama lineage is Albaamo or variously Albaama or Albamo in different dialects the plural form is Albaamaha. The suggestion that Alabama was borrowed from the Choctaw language is unlikely. The words spelling varies significantly among historical sources. The first usage appears in three accounts of the Hernando de Soto expedition of 1. Garcilaso de la Vega used Alibamo, while the Knight of Elvas and Rodrigo Ranjel wrote Alibamu and Limamu, respectively, in transliterations of the term. As early as 1. 70. French called the tribe the Alibamon, with French maps identifying the river as Rivire des Alibamons. Other spellings of the name have included Alibamu, Alabamo, Albama, Alebamon, Alibama, Alibamou, Alabamu, Allibamou. Sources disagree on the words meaning. Some scholars suggest the word comes from the Choctaw alba meaning plants or weeds and amo meaning to cut, to trim, or to gather. The meaning may have been clearers of the thicket1. The state has numerous place names of Native American origin. However, there are no correspondingly similar words in the Alabama language. An 1. 84. 2 article in the Jacksonville Republican proposed it meant Here We Rest. This notion was popularized in the 1. Alexander Beaufort Meek. Experts in the Muskogean languages have not found any evidence to support such a translation. HistoryeditPre European settlementeditIndigenous peoples of varying cultures lived in the area for thousands of years before the advent of European colonization. Trade with the northeastern tribes by the Ohio River began during the Burial Mound Period 1. BCAD 7. 00 and continued until European contact. The agrarian Mississippian culture covered most of the state from 1. AD, with one of its major centers built at what is now the Moundville Archaeological Site in Moundville, Alabama. This is the second largest complex of the classic Middle Mississippian era, after Cahokia in present day Illinois, which was the center of the culture. Analysis of artifacts from archaeological excavations at Moundville were the basis of scholars formulating the characteristics of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex SECC. Contrary to popular belief, the SECC appears to have no direct links to Mesoamerican culture, but developed independently. The Ceremonial Complex represents a major component of the religion of the Mississippian peoples it is one of the primary means by which their religion is understood. Among the historical tribes of Native American people living in present day Alabama at the time of European contact were the Cherokee, an Iroquoian language people and the Muskogean speaking Alabama Alibamu, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Koasati. While part of the same large language family, the Muskogee tribes developed distinct cultures and languages. European settlementeditWith exploration in the 1. Spanish were the first Europeans to reach Alabama. The expedition of Hernando de Soto passed through Mabila and other parts of the state in 1. More than 1. 60 years later, the French founded the regions first European settlement at Old Mobile in 1. The city was moved to the current site of Mobile in 1. This area was claimed by the French from 1. La Louisiane. 3. 1After the French lost to the British in the Seven Years War, it became part of British West Florida from 1. After the United States victory in the American Revolutionary War, the territory was divided between the United States and Spain. Bryce Hospital Alabama Insane HospitalBryce Hospital. Founded in Tuscaloosa in 1. Alabama Insane Hospital AIH, Bryce Hospital is one of the oldest mental health facilities in the state. Under the guidance of its first superintendent, Peter Bryce, AIH was at the forefront of mental health innovations for many years, providing patients with meaningful work opportunities that also helped fund the facility. Bryce Hospitals reputation suffered during the latter half of the twentieth century when questionable treatment of patients prompted a court case, Wyatt v. Stickney, and a Supreme Court decision that brought about reform in mental institutions throughout the United States. With urging from Dorothea Dix, a well known crusader for professional care for the mentally ill who toured Alabama in the 1. Alabama Medical Society, the Alabama legislature and Governor. Henry W. Collier enacted a law in 1. Jazz Jack Rabbit 2 The Game more. Alabama Insane Hospital AIH. The law addressed six major areas state financial support, asylum governance, site selection, facility construction, superintendent selection, and patient admission. According to the legislation, funding for the creation and maintenance of the hospital was to be derived from 5 percent of the states annual revenue for the next four years. In what was later revealed as a serious flaw, funding for AIH in the fifth year and beyond was not addressed. Whereas state support was allocated specifically for the care of indigent patients, a provision was made for admission of paying patients as well. The hospital was governed by a board of trustees. Resident trustees, who were either residents of Tuscaloosa County, where the hospital was located, or of an adjoining county and thus most accessible to the superintendent, had the most influence in decision making. The trustees were frequently called on over the years by the superintendent to help persuade the legislature to increase funding, or in many cases, not cut funding. Bryce Hospital. In 1. Tuscaloosa for the hospital, which would be based upon a design by Philadelphia hospital superintendent and physician Thomas Kirkbride. The building was characterized by wings on each side of a center building, with the end of each wing having extensions attached by a cross hall and with additional wings extending outward and backward in a desired configuration. The existing Bryce facility has been called the most fully realized example of the Kirkbride design, one that had achieved a national reputation in the mental hospital field. Construction began in 1. The facility finally was completed in 1. Peter Bryce. That same year, the trustees began a search for a superintendent. Dorothea Dix brought physician Peter Bryce, a South Carolina native who had studied mental health care in Europe and worked in psychiatric hospitals in New Jersey and South Carolina, to the attention of the trustees. They selected him for the position, and when the hospital opened in 1. Bryce and his new wife moved into a house on the AIH grounds. Bryce was an unusual choice at the time because few asylum superintendents in that era were physicians. Bryce instituted a system known as the moral treatment plan, a new approach to mental health services in which mental illnesses were viewed in terms of predisposing causes, which were considered to be physiological defects, and precipitating causes, which resulted from environmental conditions in the home or society. The treatment generally involved removing patients from likely precipitating causes and establishing as much of a normal life as possible for them while allowing time for the predisposing causes to heal. Patients were therefore, if at all able, engaged in the type of work with which they were most familiar, with the goal that the work would divert their attention away from their mental condition. Bryce Hospital Laundry. Whereas a work centered treatment program was acceptable from a medical standpoint, it soon became a necessity when state funding for the institution dropped substantially. To survive, the hospital had to produce many items for its own use and for commercial sale. Thus, for the first 3. AIH supplemented meager state appropriations with income from the sale of patient produced goods. The hospitals success at increasing revenue however, seemed to embolden the state legislature to further reduce funding. That approach to hospital support was institutionalized and continued throughout the Bryce administration and beyond. Bryce died in 1. 89. Eight years later, the state officially renamed the facility Bryce Hospital in his honor. From Bryces death in 1. Bryce Hospital formerly known as the AIH followed the concept that patient work was an important component of mental healthcare. The approach also continued to provide funding to Bryce Hospital, through the continued sale of patient made goods. By 1. 97. 0, however, the concept of patients remaining in the hospital for long periods of time while at the same time working productively became a subject of public concern, especially as many citizens felt that patients were retained by the hospital as a source of free labor. In 1. 97. 2, in a class action lawsuit in federal court, known as Wyatt v. Stickney, U. S. District Court Judge Frank M. Johnson Jr. ruled that every patient has a right to periodic psychiatric evaluations and a right to live in the least restrictive environment possible. The decision had wide ranging effects, and as a result, many patients were released from mental institutions nationwide or transferred to homes designed to provide them with as much independence as feasible. Although Bryce Hospital was not intentionally on the forefront of psychiatric care, its storied history reflects the changes in attitude of psychiatric professionals and the public toward mental illness and mental health care. Bryce Hospital continues to be an important center for mental health treatment in Alabama, but its fate remains uncertain. In early 2. 00. 8, the University of Alabama initiated efforts to buy the facility. The sale faces several hurdles and has aroused concerns among preservationists about the fate of the historic Bryce campus. Autoclave at Bryce Hospital. In April 2. 00. 8, Alabama mental health commissioner John Houston established the Bryce Hospital Historic Preservation Committtee, chaired by Thomas Hobbs, executive director of the Western Mental Health Center in Ensley. Houston charged the committee with recommending ways to preserve and manage historically significant structures, documents, and artifacts relating to Bryce Hospital, its staff, and its patients. The Alabama Department of Mental Health has hired a historian to coordinate the preservation efforts, and the committee is planning a Bryce Hospital Museum, which will focus on tourism and research, and is in the process of soliciting donations of items and collecting oral histories from people associated with Bryce. Additional Resources. Alabama Department of Mental Health. Voices and Visions Bryce Historical Committee Members Explore Their Hopes for Bryce. Listen Winter 2. Weaver, Bill. Establishing and Organizing the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1. Alabama Review 4. July 1. 99. 5 2. Survival at the Alabama Insane Hospital, 1. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 5. January 1. 99. 6 52.